# Nanoparticles and clusters¶

There are modules for creating nanoparticles (clusters) with a given crystal structure by specifying either the number of layers in different directions, or by making a Wulff construction.

## Examples¶

### Layer specification¶

This example sets up a nanoparticle of copper in the FCC crystal structure, by specifying 6 layers in the (100) directions, 9 in the (110) directions and 5 in the (111) directions:

import ase
from ase.cluster.cubic import FaceCenteredCubic

surfaces = [(1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1)]
layers = [6, 9, 5]
lc = 3.61000
atoms = FaceCenteredCubic('Cu', surfaces, layers, latticeconstant=lc)


### Wulff construction¶

To set up a Wulff construction, the surface energies should be specified, in units of energy per area (not energy per atom). The actual unit used does not matter, as only the ratio between surface energies is important. In addition, the approximate size of the nanoparticle should be given. As the Wulff construction is build from whole layers, it is not possible to hit the desired particles size exactly:

from ase.cluster import wulff_construction

surfaces = [(1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1)]
esurf = [1.0, 1.1, 0.9]   # Surface energies.
lc = 3.61000
size = 1000  # Number of atoms
atoms = wulff_construction('Cu', surfaces, esurf,
size, 'fcc',
rounding='above', latticeconstant=lc)


Note that the Wulff construction currently only work with cubic lattices.

## Creating a nanoparticle¶

The ase.cluster module contains a number of sub-modules for defining clusters, one for each crystal structure. They are all called the same way, by specifying the element, the number of layers in different directions, and optionally the lattice constant.

The layer specification is the only part that may not be intuitive. It is given as two arrays, one specifying the Miller indices of the surfaces, and one specifying the number of layers from the center of the cluster to the respective surfaces.

The surface specification allows for one or more surfaces of a given family of surfaces to be different from the other surfaces. This can be used e.g. to create a cluster where one part has been truncated by a substrate. This is done by first specifying the number of layers for the family of surfaces, and later specifying the number of layers for a given surface. Consider the surface specification

surfaces = [(1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 1), (1, -1, 1)]
layers = [6, 5, -1]
atoms = FaceCenteredCubic('Cu', surfaces, layers)


Here we first ask for 6 layers for the {100} surface family, i.e. the directions (100), (010), (001), (-1,0,0), etc. Then we ask for 5 layers for the {111} family of surfaces. Finally, we change the number of layers for the (-1,1,1) surface. This is interpreted as a single surface, since it is part of a family that has already been specified. Asking for a negative number of layers is allowed, this cause the particle to be truncated before its center point. The result is seen below.

The functions for creating nanoparticles take the following arguments:

symbols: A string specifying the element (or a tuple of strings for compounds).

surfaces: A list of surfaces, as explained above.

layers: A corresponding list of the number of layers to be included.

vacuum=0.0: The amount of vacuum to include around the particle. Defaults to 0.

latticeconstant=None: The lattice constant of the lattice. If not specified, the experimental value from ase.data is used.

### Possible crystal structures¶

You select the crystal structure by selecting the right function for creating the nanoparticle. Currently, these modules only work for the three cubic crystal structures: FaceCenteredCubic, BodyCenteredCubic, and SimpleCubic. Other structures are implemented, but do currently not work correctly.

## Wulff constructions¶

As an alternative to specifying the number of layers, a Wulff construction can be used to create a nanoparticle (with cubic symmetry). The function can be imported as:

from ase.cluster import wulff_construction

ase.cluster.wulff_construction(symbol, surfaces, energies, size, structure, rounding='closest', latticeconstant=None, debug=False, maxiter=100)[source]

Create a cluster using the Wulff construction.

A cluster is created with approximately the number of atoms specified, following the Wulff construction, i.e. minimizing the surface energy of the cluster.

Parameters:

symbol: The chemical symbol (or atomic number) of the desired element.

surfaces: A list of surfaces. Each surface is an (h, k, l) tuple or list of integers.

energies: A list of surface energies for the surfaces.

size: The desired number of atoms.

structure: The desired crystal structure. One of the strings “fcc”, “bcc”, or “sc”.

rounding (optional): Specifies what should be done if no Wulff construction corresponds to exactly the requested number of atoms. Should be a string, either “above”, “below” or “closest” (the default), meaning that the nearest cluster above or below - or the closest one - is created instead.

latticeconstant (optional): The lattice constant. If not given, extracted from ase.data.

debug (optional): If non-zero, information about the iteration towards the right cluster size is printed.