# Introduction: Nitrogen on copper¶

This section gives a quick (and incomplete) overview of what ASE can do.

We will calculate the adsorption energy of a nitrogen molecule on a copper surface. This is done by calculating the total energy for the isolated slab and for the isolated molecule. The adsorbate is then added to the slab and relaxed, and the total energy for this composite system is calculated. The adsorption energy is obtained as the sum of the isolated energies minus the energy of the composite system.

Here is a picture of the system after the relaxation:

Please have a look at the following script N2Cu.py:

from ase import Atoms
from ase.calculators.emt import EMT
from ase.constraints import FixAtoms
from ase.optimize import QuasiNewton

h = 1.85
d = 1.10

slab = fcc111('Cu', size=(4, 4, 2), vacuum=10.0)

slab.set_calculator(EMT())
e_slab = slab.get_potential_energy()

molecule = Atoms('2N', positions=[(0., 0., 0.), (0., 0., d)])
molecule.set_calculator(EMT())
e_N2 = molecule.get_potential_energy()

constraint = FixAtoms(mask=[a.symbol != 'N' for a in slab])
slab.set_constraint(constraint)
dyn = QuasiNewton(slab, trajectory='N2Cu.traj')
dyn.run(fmax=0.05)

print('Adsorption energy:', e_slab + e_N2 - slab.get_potential_energy())


Assuming you have ASE setup correctly (Installation) run the script:

python N2Cu.py


## Atoms¶

The Atoms object is a collection of atoms. Here is how to define a N2 molecule by directly specifying the position of two nitrogen atoms:

>>> from ase import Atoms
>>> d = 1.10
>>> molecule = Atoms('2N', positions=[(0., 0., 0.), (0., 0., d)])


You can also build crystals using, for example, the lattice module which returns Atoms objects corresponding to common crystal structures. Let us make a Cu (111) surface:

>>> from ase.build import fcc111
>>> slab = fcc111('Cu', size=(4,4,2), vacuum=10.0)


## Calculators¶

Many ase.calculators can be used with ASE, including emt, Asap, Dacapo, GPAW, Abinit, Vasp. See the ASE home page for the full list.

In this overview we use the effective medium theory (EMT) calculator, as it is very fast and hence useful for getting started.

We can attach a calculator to the previously created Atoms objects:

>>> from ase.calculators.emt import EMT
>>> slab.set_calculator(EMT())
>>> molecule.set_calculator(EMT())


and use it to calculate the total energies for the systems by using the get_potential_energy() method from the Atoms class:

>>> e_slab = slab.get_potential_energy()
>>> e_N2 = molecule.get_potential_energy()


## Structure relaxation¶

Let’s use the QuasiNewton minimizer to optimize the structure of the N2 molecule adsorbed on the Cu surface. First add the adsorbate to the Cu slab, for example in the on-top position:

>>> h = 1.85


In order to speed up the relaxation, let us keep the Cu atoms fixed in the slab by using FixAtoms from the constraints module. Only the N2 molecule is then allowed to relax to the equilibrium structure:

>>> from ase.constraints import FixAtoms
>>> constraint = FixAtoms(mask=[a.symbol != 'N' for a in slab])
>>> slab.set_constraint(constraint)


Now attach the QuasiNewton minimizer to the system and save the trajectory file. Run the minimizer with the convergence criteria that the force on all atoms should be less than some fmax:

>>> from ase.optimize import QuasiNewton
>>> dyn = QuasiNewton(slab, trajectory='N2Cu.traj')
>>> dyn.run(fmax=0.05)


Note

The general documentation on structure optimizations contains information about different algorithms, saving the state of an optimizer and other functionality which should be considered when performing expensive relaxations.

## Input-output¶

Writing the atomic positions to a file is done with the write() function:

>>> from ase.io import write
>>> write('slab.xyz', slab)


This will write a file in the xyz-format. Possible formats are:

format description
xyz Simple xyz-format
cube Gaussian cube file
pdb Protein data bank file
traj ASE’s own trajectory format
py Python script

Reading from a file is done like this:

>>> from ase.io import read


If the file contains several configurations, the default behavior of the write() function is to return the last configuration. However, we can load a specific configuration by doing:

>>> read('slab.traj')      # last configuration
>>> read('slab.traj', -1)  # same as above
>>> read('slab.traj', 0)   # first configuration


## Visualization¶

The simplest way to visualize the atoms is the view() function:

>>> from ase.visualize import view
>>> view(slab)


This will pop up a ase.gui window. Alternative viewers can be used by specifying the optional keyword viewer=... - use one of ‘ase.gui’, ‘gopenmol’, ‘vmd’, or ‘rasmol’. (Note that these alternative viewers are not a part of ASE and will need to be installed by the user separately.) The VMD viewer can take an optional data argument to show 3D data:

>>> view(slab, viewer='VMD', data=array)


## Molecular dynamics¶

Let us look at the nitrogen molecule as an example of molecular dynamics with the VelocityVerlet algorithm. We first create the VelocityVerlet object giving it the molecule and the time step for the integration of Newton’s law. We then perform the dynamics by calling its run() method and giving it the number of steps to take:

>>> from ase.md.verlet import VelocityVerlet
>>> from ase import units
>>> dyn = VelocityVerlet(molecule, dt=1.0 * units.fs)
>>> for i in range(10):
...     pot = molecule.get_potential_energy()
...     kin = molecule.get_kinetic_energy()
...     print('%2d: %.5f eV, %.5f eV, %.5f eV' % (i, pot + kin, pot, kin))
...     dyn.run(steps=20)